The African American West in 20th and 21st Century History and Culture

• Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway (eds.), African Americans on the Western Frontier (Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1998)

• Albert S. Broussard, Expectations of Equality: A History of Black Westerners (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2012)

• Lawrence B. de Graaf, “Recognition, Racism, and Reflections on the Writing of Western Black History” (Pacific Historical Review 44:1, February 1975, 22-51)

• Douglas Flamming, African Americans in the West (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009)

• Franklin J. James, Betty L McCummings, and Eileen A Tynan, Minorities in the Sunbelt (New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research, 1984)

• William Loren Katz, The Black West: A Pictorial History (New York: Touchstone, 1987)

• Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Negro on the American Frontier (North Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, 1971)​

• John W. Ravage, Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997)

• Herbert G. Ruffin II, "African Americans in Western Historiography Since 2000" (Montana the Magazine of Western History: Digital Edition 1:1, 2020)

• Herbert G. Ruffin II and Dwayne A. Mack (eds.), Freedom’s Racial Frontier: African Americans in the Twentieth-Century West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018).

• W. Sherman Savage, Blacks in the West (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976)

• Lillian Schissel, Black Frontiers: A History of African American Heroes in the Old West (New York: Aladdin, 1995)

• Quintard Taylor, "From Esteban to Rodney King: Five Centuries of African American History in the West" (Montana the Magazine of Western History, Volume 46, Winter 1996 Issue)

• ___. In Search of a Racial Frontier (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998)

• Quintard Taylor and Shirley Ann Wilson Moore (eds.), African American Women Confront the West, 1600-2000 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003)

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