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What is the Black West?
Africans on the North American Frontier
Blacks in the 20th Century West
Archival Research
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Bibliography

Books, Articles, Chapters, Editorials, Multimedia, Dissertations and Theses

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© 2026 by Herbert G. Ruffin II. Powered and secured by Wix

Contact:

Herbert G. Ruffin II, PhD

Department of African American Studies

Syracuse University
209 Sims Hall
Syracuse, NY 13244

hruffin@syr.edu

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