Archival Research

A Half Nelson Production Staff. The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords [Documentary]. Public Broadcasting Service. Chicago: WTTW, 1999.

Abe, Daudi. Emerald Street: A History of Hip Hop in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020.

Abel, Joseph A. “Sunbelt Civil Rights: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Fort Worth Aircraft Industry, 1940-1980.” Ph.D. dissertation, Rice University, 2011,

Acuna, Rudolfo. Occupied America: The Chicano's Struggle Toward Liberation. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

Adler, Patricia Rae. “Watts, From Suburb to Black Ghetto.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1977.

Albright, Cliff. “As Texas Pushes “Worst Voter Suppression Bill in the Country” Activists Call on Biden to Do More [Radio Interview].” Democracy Now. July 9, 2021. Accessed November 29, 2022. https://www.democracynow.org/2021/7/9/texas_voter_suppression.

Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2010.

Allen, Robert L. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: C. L. Dellums and the Fight for Fair Treatment and Civil Right. New York: Routledge, 2014.

——. The Port Chicago Mutiny. New York: Amistad Press, 1993.

Allen, Walter R., Channel McLewis, Chantal Jones, and Daniel Harris. “From Bakke to Fisher: African American Students in U.S. Higher Education over Forty Years.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4:6 (2018): 41-72.

Allmendinger, Blake. Imagining the African American West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.

Alvarez, Olivia Flores. “Houston 101: An Earlier Time When Shots Rang Out at TSU.” HoustonPress, July 23, 2009. Accessed December 12, 2022. https://www.houstonpress.com/news/houston-101-an-earlier-time-when-shots-rang-out-at-tsu-6722963.

Alvarez, Jr., Robert R. "The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nation's First Successful Desegregation Court Case." Journal of San Diego History 32:2 (Spring 1986). Access January 11, 2026. https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1986/april/lemongrove/.

Anderson, Benedict R. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.

Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.

Ancheta, Angelo N. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.

Anderson, Carol. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016.

Arbuckle, Clyde. Clyde Arbuckle’s History of San Jose. San Jose: Smith McKay Printing Co., 1985.

Archibald, Katherine. Wartime Shipyard: A Study in Cultural Disunity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947.

Arnesen, Eric, ed. The Black Worker: Race, Labor, and Civil Rights Since Emancipation. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

——. “Charting an Independent Course.” In Labor Histories: Class, Politics, and the Working Class Experience, eds. Arnesen. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998, 284-308.

Arnesen, Eric, Julie Greene, and Bruce Laurie, eds. Labor Histories: Class, Politics, and the Working Class Experience. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Asante, Molefi Kete. Maulana Karenga: An Intellectual Portrait. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2009.

Associated Press. “Transcript of Rodney King’s Statement.” Tampa Bay Times (May 2, 1992). Accessed January 12, 2026. https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/05/02/transcript-of-rodney-king-s-statement/.

Astor, Gerald. The Right to Fight: A History of African Americans in the Military. Da Capo Press, 2001.

Avery, Mary. Washington: A History of the Evergreen State. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1965.

Houston A. Baker, “Scene…Not Heard.” In Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprisings, ed. Williams, pp. 38-48.

Baldassare, Mark, ed. The Los Angeles Riots: Lessons for the Urban Future. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.  

Barr, Alwyn. Black Texans: A History of Negroes in Texas, 1528-1971. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973.

——. “The Civil Rights Movement in Texas.” In Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West, eds. Glasrud, 244-246. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.

Bass, Amy. Not the Triumph But the Struggle: 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.

Bauman, Robert. Race and the War on Poverty: From Watts to East LA. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.

——. Fighting to Preserve a Nation’s Soul: America’s Ecumenical War on Poverty. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2019.

Beasley, Delilah L. The Negro Trailblazers of California. Los Angeles: Times Mirror Printing, 1919.

Beason, Tyrone. “In the vastness of the Inland Empire, people of color find ‘peace in these troubled times.” Los Angeles Times (July 24, 2022). Accessed December 12, 2022.  https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-07-24/in-the-vastness-of-the-inland-empire-people-of-color-find-peace-in-these-troubled-times. 

——. “’We’re here to stay.’ Despite isolation and racism, Black Americans feel at home in California’s desert.” Los Angeles Times (August 15, 2021). Accessed December 12, 2022.  https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-15/california-desert-draws-black-americans-seeking-escape-from-racism.

Beauregard, Robert A. When America Became Suburban. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2006.

Beeth, Howard, and Cary D. Wintz, eds. Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992.

Behnken, Brian D. Fighting Their Own Battles: Mexican Americans, African Americans, and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Texas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

——. The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations during the Civil Rights Era. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.

Bensman, Todd. “The Time is Right”: Truth Sought in 1910 mob Killing of a black man.” Dallas Morning News (March 3, 1999), Sect. A.

Beradi, Gayle, and Thomas W. Segady. “Community Identification and Cultural Formation: The Rose of African American Newspapers in the American West, 1880-1914.” Griot (Spring, 1991), 13-19.

Bergera, Gary James, and Ronald Priddis. Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1985. Accessed December 12, 2022. http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=13940.

Berube, Alan, Bruce Katz, and Robert E. Lang, eds. Redefining Urban And Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000. Washington D.C. Brookings Institution Press, 2005.

Bilas, Jay. “Why NIL has been good for college sports ... and the hurdles that remain.” ESPN (June 29, 2022). Accessed December 12, 2022. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34161311/why-nil-good-college-sports-hurdles-remain.

Binkovitz, Leah. “Sugar Land prison cemetery recalls era of forced labor: State convicts worked the land in leasing system.” Houston Chronicle (October 16, 2015). December 14, 2025. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/fortbend/news/article/Sugar-Land-prison-cemetery-recalls-era-of-forced-6575159.php.

Black, Samuel. Soul Soldiers: African Americans and the Vietnam War Era. Pittsburgh: Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center and the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 2006.

Bobo, Lawrence D., and Melvin L. Oliver, Jr., and James H. Johnson, eds. Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000.

Boger, John C. “Race and the American City: The Kerner Commission in Retrospect-An Introduction.” 71:5 North Carolina Law Review (1993), pp 1289-1349. Accessed December 12, 2022. http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol71/iss5/2.

Bogle, Donald. Hollywood Black: The Stars, the Films, the Filmmakers. Philadelphia: Running Press Adult, 2019.

Bond, J. Max. "The Negro in Los Angeles.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1936.

Bontemps, Arna, and Jack Conroy. Anyplace But Here. New York: Hill and Wang, 1966.

Booth, Herb. “Black elite faces school-choice dilemma.” The Dallas Morning News (June 27, 2005). Accessed October 14, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20070112064603/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/longterm/stories/062705dnmetBPCPUBSCHOOLS.4b7610f1.html.

Booth, John A., and David R. Johnson. “Power and Progress in San Antonio Politics, 1836-1970.” In The Politics of San Antonio: Community, Progress & Power, eds. Johnson. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983, 8-10.

Botson Jr., Michael R. “Jim Crow Wearing Steel-Toed Shoes and Safety Glasses: Dual Unionism at the Hughes Tool Company.” Houston Review: History and Culture of the Gulf Coast 16 (Winter 1994), 101-116.

Bounoua, Lahouari, Tao Zhang, Kurtis John Thome, et al. “The Urban Archipelago Effect: A Case Study in Morocco.” Urban Science (2025), 9 (4): 97. Accessed December 12, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040097.

Bracey, Ernest N. The Moulin Rouge and Black Rights in Las Vegas: A History of the first Racially Integrated Hotel-Casino. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003.

Brechin, Gray. Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin. University of California Press, 2006.

Bremer, Jeff R. ““A Species of Town-Building Madness” Quindaro and Kansas Territory, 1856-1862.” Kansas History 26 (Autumn 2003): 156-167.

Brilliant, Mark. The Color of America Has Changed: How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941-1978. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Bringhurst, Newell. Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981.

Bringhurst, Newell G., and Darron T. Smith, eds. Black and Mormon. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2006.

——. “Introduction.” In Black and Mormon, eds. Bringhurst. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004.

Brooke, James. “Court Says Denver Can End Forced Busing.” New York Times (September 17, 1995), 16.

Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.

——. Expectations of Equality: A History of Black Westerners. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2012.

——. “Percy H. Steele, Jr., and the Urban League: Race Relations and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Post-World War II San Diego.” California History (2006). Accessed December 13, 2022. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Percy+H.+Steele,+Jr.,+and+the+Urban+League%3A+race+relations+and+the...-a0151394818.

——. “Western Civil Rights Since 1970.” In Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West, eds. Glasrud, 3-6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019, pp. 255-270.

Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story. New York: Anchor Books, 1993.

Brown, Scot. Fighting for US: Maulana Karenga, the US Organization and Black Cultural Nationalism. New York: New York University Press, 2003.

Bullard, Robert D. Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2000.

Bullock, Paul. Watts, The Aftermath: An Inside View of the Ghetto by the People of Watts, California. New York: Grove Press, 1969.

Bunch III, Lonnie G. ““The Greatest State for the Negro”: Jefferson L. Edmonds, Black Propagandist of the California Dream.” In Seeking El Dorado, eds. De Graaf. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, 129-148.

Bundles, A’Lelia. On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J Walker. New York: Scribner, 2001.

Burke, Lucas N.N., and Judson L. Jeffries. The Portland Black Panthers: Empowering Albina and Remaking a City. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016.

Burns, Lucy, and Terri Bandele. “The First Kwanzaa [Radio Interview].” British Broadcasting Corporation. December 27, 2017. Accessed December 12, 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtwz.

Burran, James A. “Violence in an ‘Arsenal of Democracy: The Beaumont Race Riot, 1943.” East Texas Historical Review 14:1 (Spring 1976), 39-48.

Butler, Grant. “Doris’ Café.” In “Tasty memories: 97 long-gone Portland restaurants we wish were still around,” The Oregonian (December 31, 2016). Accessed December 11, 2022. https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/12/tasty_memories_97_long-gone_po.html.

Byrd, Ayana, and Lori Tharps. Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. New York, St. Martin's Griffin, 2014.

Caldwell, Earl. “Renaming of a Town Divides Negroes on Coast.” New York Times (December 26, 1968), 17.

Campbell, Marne L. Making Black Los Angeles: Class, Gender, and Community, 1850-1917. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

Campney, Brent M. S. “’Hold the Line’: The Defense of Jim Crow in Lawrence, Kansas, 1945–1961.” Kansas History (Spring 2010): 22-41.

Carlos, John, and David Zirin. The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment That Changed the World. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013.

Carmichael, Stokely, and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

Carmichael, Stokely, and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael. New York: Scribner, 2003.

Carson, Clayborne, “The Time Has Come (1964-1966).” In The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader, eds. Carson, 244-247.

Carson, Clayborne, David J. Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent Harding, Darlene Clark Hine, eds. The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader. New York: Penguin, 1991.

——. “Interview with Tony Gittens.” In The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader, pp. 465-469

——.  “An Open Letter Sent to Howard President James M. Nabrit…” In The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader, pp. 462-464.

Cashin, Sheryll. The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class Are Undermining the American Dream. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.

Cayton Jr., Horace. Long Old Road. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970.

CBS/The Early Show. “’Silent Gesture’ Still Speaks Volumes: Tommie Smith On His '68 Olympics Raised-Fist Protest [Television Interview].” Accessed December 12, 2022.  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/08/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2446168.shtml.

Chadburn, Melissa. “The destructive force of Rebuild LA.” Curbed (April 27, 2017). Accessed December 11, 2022. https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/27/15442350/1992-los-angeles-riots-rebuild-la.

Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretative History. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991.

Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation. London: Picador, 2005.

Chen, Jim. “With All Deliberate Speed: Brown II and Desegregation's Children.” Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 24:1 (2006): 1-7.

Chen, Yong. Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.

Cho, Sumi K. “Korean Americans vs. African Americans: Conflict and Construction.” In Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprisings, ed. Williams, 196-211.

Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Part and the American Indian Movement. Boston: South End Press, 1988.

Clark, Alexis. “The Army’s First Black Nurses Were Relegated to Caring for Nazi Prisoners of War.” Smithsonian Magazine (May 15, 2018). Accessed December 25, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/armys-first-black-nurses-had-tend-to-german-prisoners-war-180969069/.

Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1968.

Cohen, Jerry, and William S. Murphy. Burn, Baby, Burn! The Los Angeles Race Riot, August 1965. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1966.

Cole, Jr., Olen. “Black Youth in the National Youth Administration in California, 1935-1943.” Southern California Quarterly 73:4 (Winter 1991), 385-402.

Coleman, Arica L. “James Baldwin Documentary, I am Not Your Negro, Is the Product of a Specific Moment in History.” Time (February 24, 2017). Accessed November 14, 2024. https://time.com/4680673/james-baldwin-documentary-history/.

Conot, Robert. Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness. New York: Bantam Books, 1967.

Cooper, George M. “The Modern Civil Rights Movement in New Mexico.” In Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West, eds. Glasrud, 153-164. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.

Coppedge, Clay. “Ode to the Oleo Strut.” Texas Escapes (September 3, 2007). Accessed December 12, 2022. http://www.texasescapes.com/ClayCoppedge/Ode-to-the-Oleo-Strut.htm.

Coray, Michael. “African Americans in Nevada.” Nevada Historical Quarterly, 35:4 (Winter 1992), 247-250. 

Cortright, David. Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance during the Vietnam War. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005.

Cox, Thomas C. Blacks in Topeka, Kansas, 1865-1915: A Social History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

Cripps, Thomas. Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900-1942. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Cronin, Míceál Daniel. “The American Indian movement and the Black Panther party compared: violence, the state and social movements in the USA, 1966 to 1976.” Ph.D. dissertation, National University of Ireland, 2020. Access December 12, 2022. https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/15925.

Crouchett, Lawrence P., Lonnie G. Bunch III, and Martha Kendall Winnacker. Visions Toward Tomorrow: The History of the East Bay Afro-American Community, 1852-1977. Oakland: Northern California Center for Afro-American History and Life, 1989.

Cube, Ice. Death Certificate [Album]. Los Angeles: Priority/EMI Records, 1991.

D., Chuck, and Yusuf Jah. Fight the Power: Rap, Race, and Reality. New York: Delacorte Press, 1997.

Daniels, Douglas Henry. Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.

Daniels, Hayzel Burton. "A Black Magistrate's Struggles." In Arizona Memories, eds. Morgan. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984, 336-338.

Darity, William A. and Samuel L. Myers. Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998.

Davies, Hannah J. “Culture's race problem: ‘For white hipsters, blackness is a thing to consume but not engage with.” The Guardian (March 16, 2019). Accessed December 11, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/mar/16/cultures-race-problem-for-white-hipsters-blackness-is-a-thing-to-consume-but-not-engage-with.

Davis, David. “Olympic Athletes Who Took a Stand: For 40 years, Olympians Tommie Smith and John Carlos have lived with the consequences of their fateful protest,” Smithsonian Magazine (August 2008). Accessed December 12, 2022. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/indelible-olympics-200808.html#ixzz21kRHEbra.

Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage, 1992.

De Graaf, Lawrence B. “African American Suburbanization in California, 1960 through 1990.” In Seeking El Dorado, eds. De Graaf. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, 415.

——. "The City of Black Angels: The Emergence of the Los Angeles Ghetto, 1890-1930." Pacific Historical Review 39:3 (August 1970), pp. 327-334.

De Graaf, Lawrence B., Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor, et al. Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.

Deane, Early. “Goldsmith Committed to Bettering City,” The Oregonian, (September 25, 1977).

DeAngelis, Tori. “Unmasking ‘racial microaggressions.” American Psychological Association 40:2 (February 2009). Accessed December 25, 2022. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/02/microaggression.

Delmont, Matthew. “Why African-American Soldiers Saw World War II as a Two-Front Battle.” Smithsonian Magazine (August 24, 2017). Accessed on July 21, 2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-african-american-soldiers-saw-world-war-ii-two-front-battle-180964616/.

——. Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.

Depenbrock, Julie. “Federal Judge Finds Racism Behind Arizona Law Banning Ethnic Studies [Radio Interview].” National Public Radio. August 22, 2017. Accessed November 29, 2022. https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/08/22/545402866/federal-judge-finds-racism-behind-arizona-law-banning-ethnic-studies.

Derrick, W. Edwin, and J. Hershell Barnhill. “With All Deliberate Speed: Desegregation of the Public Schools in Oklahoma City and Tulsa.” Red River Valley Historical Review 6:2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 70-80.

Dickson, Lynda Fay. “The Early Club Movement Among Black Women in Denver: 1890-1925.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado, 1982.

Dixon, Aaron. My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.

Dorsett, Lyle W. The Queen City: A History of Denver. Boulder: Pruett Publishing Company, 1977.

Doyle, Judith Kaaz. “Maury Maverick and Racial Politics in San Antonio, Texas, 1938-1941.” Journal of Southern History 53:2 (May 1987), p. 201. 

Du Bois, W.E.B. “Colored Californians.” Crisis 5 (August 1913), pp. 192-196.

Du Bois, W.E.B. “Close Ranks.” In Du Bois, W. E. B, Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, A. Philip Randolph, and Cary D Wintz. African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995, 116.

Du Bois, W. E. B, Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, A. Philip Randolph, and Cary D Wintz. African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995.

Dudziak, Mary L. “The Limits of Good Faith: Desegregation in Topeka, Kansas, 1950-1956.” Law and History Review 5:2 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 357-367.

Dulaney, W. Marvin. “Whatever Ever Happened to the Civil Rights Movement in Dallas, Texas?” In Essays on the American Civil Rights Movement, eds. Dulaney. College Station: Texas A. & M. University Press, 1993.

Dulaney, W. Marvin, and Kathleen Underwood, eds. Essays on the American Civil Rights Movement. College Station: Texas A & M. University Press, 1993.

Duncan, Don. “Gangs Increasing in Seattle—L.A. Toughs Leave Slums for New Turf” Seattle Times (June 28, 1987), p. A1.

Dunne, John Gregory. “The Ugly Mood of Watts: Militant Leaders in Los Angeles’ Negro Ghetto Are Trying to Win Power by Threatening Whites With Violence—and Behind Their Threats Lies Hatred.” Saturday Evening Post 239:15 (July 16, 1966), pp. 85-86.

Duru, Jeremi. Advancing the Ball: Race, Reformation, and the Quest for Equal Coaching Opportunity in the NFL. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Eaton, Kalenda. ““We Belong to the Land!”: Revisiting Black Oklahoma.” Great Plains Quarterly 43:3 (Summer 2023), pp. vii-ix.

Eckels, Carla. “Kansas Sit-In Gets Its Due at Last [Radio Interview].” NPR. October 21, 2006. Accessed December 13, 2022. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6355095.

Edwards, Harry. “Mounting the Protest.” In The Unlevel Playing Field, eds. Wiggins, 285-289.

——. The Revolt of the Black Athlete. New York: The Free Press, 1970.

——. The Struggle that Must Be: An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980.

Evans, Shani Adia. We Belong Here: Gentrification, White Spacemaking, and a Black Sense of Place. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2025.

Eick, Gretchen Cassel. Dissent in Wichita: The Civil Rights Movement in the Midwest, 1954-1972. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001.

Ellsworth, Scott. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

Elman, Richard M. Ill-At-Ease in Compton. New York: Pantheon Books, 1967.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, 2005.

Farley, Josh. “Pearl Harbor, Bremerton and the day everything changed.” Kitsap Sun (December 3, 2016). Accessed January 8, 2026. https://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/local/communities/bremerton/2016/12/03/pearl-harbor-bremerton-and-the-day-everything-changed/94948634/.

Fazio, Marie. “Robert Fuller’s Hanging Was a Suicide, Investigation Finds.” New York Times (July 9, 2020). Access January 1, 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/robert-fuller-suicide-autopsy.html.

Field, Allyson Nadia. Uplift Cinema: The Emergence of African American Film and the Possibility of Black Modernity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.

Field, Kendra T. “Turn our Faces to the West”: Refugees, Pioneers, and the Roots of “All-Black” Oklahoma.“ In Freedom’s Racial Frontier, eds. Ruffin, 115-127. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018.

Fine, Doris R. When Leadership Fails: Desegregation and Demoralization in the San Francisco Schools. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1986.

Fisher, James Adolphus. “A History of the Political and Social Development of the Black Community in California, 1850-1950.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of New York at Stony Brook, 1972.

Fitzgerald, Roosevelt. “The Demographic Impact of Basic Magnesium Corporation on Southern Nevada.” Nevada Public Affairs Review, Ethnicity and Race in Nevada 2 (1987), 32.

Flamming, Douglas. African Americans in the West. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009.

——. “Becoming Democrats: Liberal Politics and the African American Community in Los Angeles, 1930-1965.” In Seeking El Dorado, eds. De Graaf. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, 290-291.

——. Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Fletcher, Adam F.C. “A History of the North Omaha Riots.” NorthOmahaHistory.com (July 19, 2013). Accessed December 12, 2022. https://northomahahistory.com/2013/07/19/a-history-of-the-north-omaha-riots.

Flynn, Meagan. “Bodies believed to be those of 95 black forced-labor prisoners from Jim Crow era unearthed in Sugar Land after one Man’s Quest.” The Washington Post (July 18, 2018). Accessed December 14, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/07/18/bodies-of-95-black-forced-labor-prisoners-from-jim-crow-era-unearthed-in-sugar-land-after-one-mans-quest/.

Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.

Foner, Philip S. Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1981. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018.

Foxhall, Emily. “Yolanda Ford, the first Black mayor of Missouri City, loses re-election.” Houston Chronicle (December 12, 2020). Accessed January 12, 2026. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Yolanda-Ford-the-first-Black-mayor-of-Missouri-15797753.php.

Freund, David M.P. Colored Property: State Policy & White Racial Politics in Suburban America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Gallion, Susan. Inside View of Concentration Camps in Arkansas. Dumas, AR: The Clarion Publishing Co., 2018.

Garcia, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, & Identity, 1930-1960. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Garcia, Richard A. The Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class: San Antonio, 1929-1941. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991.

Garza, Alicia. “Black Lives Matter Co-Founder to Beyonce: ‘Welcome to the Movement,’” Rolling Stone (February 11, 2016). Accessed December 12, 2022. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/black-lives-matter-co-founder-to-beyonce-welcome-to-the-movement-162647/.

Garza, Alicia. The Purpose of Power: How We Come Together When We Fall Apart. New York: One World, 2020.

Gates Jr., Henry Louis. The Two Nations of Black America [Film]. PBS. Boston: WGBH, 1998.

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