Archival Research

Databases

• Social Explorer

• Congress.gov

• Justia (State Constitutions, Cases, and Legislative Resources)

• U.S. Census: 

  • Decennial Census

  • American Community Survey

  • Quick Facts

  • Data Research Centers

  • Economic Census

• Bay Area Census Data

• Best Neighborhood, “Racial Distribution for Every City and Neighborhood—Race by City"

• DataUSA 

• IPUMS USA, "U.S. Census Data for Social, Economic, and Health Research"

• School District Demographics System (National Center for Education Statistics)

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Censuses​​

• Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. “Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States.” U.S. Census Bureau. Working Paper No. 56. Washington DC: GPO, 2002.

• ——. “Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities and Other Urban Places in The United States.” U.S. Census Bureau. Working Paper No. POP-WP076. Washington DC: GPO, 2002. 

• Digital Scholarship Lab. “Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America.” University of Richmond Digital Scholarship Lab.

• ——. "America Panorama: An Atlas of United States History." University of Richmond Digital Scholarship Lab.

• Frey, William H. “The Great American Migration Slowdown: Regional and Metropolitan Dimensions.” Brookings (December 2009), 1-24. 

• ——. “The New Great Migration: Black Americans Return to the South, 1965-2000.” In Redefining Urban And Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, eds. Alan Berube, 87-110. Washington D.C. Brookings Institution Press, 2005.

• ——. “Today’s suburbs are symbolic of America’s rising diversity: A 2020 census portrait,” Brookings Institution (June 15, 2022).

• The U.S. Census Bureau, “History of Metropolitan Areas” (September 3, 2024).​

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Court Cases​

• ACLU. “Fair Sentencing Act” (2010).

• BlackPast.org. “(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson.” 

• ——. “(1967) Reitman v. Mulkey .”

• ——. “(1948) Shelley v Kraemer.”

• ——. “(2023) Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina.” 

• ——. “(1978) University of California Regents v. Bakke.” 

• ——. “(1890) Wysinger v. Crookshank.” Accessed January 12, 2026.

• Civil Rights Division. “Fair Housing Act.” U.S. Department of Justice (June 22, 2023).

• Congress.gov. “H.R.5484 - Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986.” October 17, 1986.

• Congress.gov. “H.R.55 - Emmett Till Antilynching Act: 117th Congress (2021-2022).”

• Justia: U.S. Supreme Court. “Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1955).”

• Library of Congress. “U.S. Reports: Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926).” 

• Library of Congress. “U.S. Reports: Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369 (1967).”

• NAACP Legal Defense Fund. “Landmark: Smith v. Allwright.” November 10, 1943. Accessed December 24, 2022.

• PBS. “Brown v. Board of Education (1954).” The Supreme Court.

• United States Department of Justice. “Title II of the Civil Rights Act [of 1964] (Public Accommodations).”

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Reports​, Surveys, Other Government Docs

• ACLU. “Cracks in the System: Twenty Years of the Unjust Federal Crack Cocaine.” October 25, 2006. Accessed December 11, 2022. https://www.aclu.org/other/cracks-system-twenty-years-unjust-federal-crack-cocaine-law?redirect=criminal-law-reform/cracks-system-twenty-years-unjust-federal-crack-cocaine-law.

• Bellafaire, Judith A. The Women’s Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service. U.S. Army Center of Military History. 

• Berkeley Unified School District. “Desegregation of the Berkeley Public Schools: Its Feasibility and Implementation.” Berkeley: Berkeley Unified School District, 1964, 13-29.

• ——. “Integration of the Berkeley Elementary Schools: A Report to the Superintendent.” Berkeley: Berkeley Unified School District, 1967, 1

• Birenbaum, Gabby. “The EQUAL Act would finally close the cocaine sentencing disparity.” Vox, March 19, 2021.

• Biu, Ofronama, Grieve Chelwa, Christopher Famighetti, Lynn Parramore, Kate Richey, Damario Solomon-Simmons, and Darrick Hamilton. “The Color of Wealth in Tulsa, Oklahoma: The Destruction of Greenwood and the Legacy of Land Loss.” The New School: Institute on Race, Power and Political Economy (December 2021). 

• BlackPast.org. “(1965) The Moynihan Report: The Negro Family, The Case for National Action.” 

• Broussard, Albert S. “Civil Right, Racial Protest, and Anti-Slavery Activism in San Francisco, 1850-1865.” NPS.Gov (1999).

• Drug Policy Alliance. “The Drug War, Mass Incarceration, and Race” (June 2015).

• Horn, Catherine L., and Michal Kurlaender. “The End of Keyes—Resegregation Trends and Achievement in Denver Public Schools.” The Civil Rights Project (April 01, 2006).

• The Bureau of Reclamation. “The Bureau of Reclamation: A Very Brief History.”

• Congress.gov. “Hon. Louis Stokes.” In Extensions of Remarks - Congressional Record, 92nd Congress, 2nd Session, October 14, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], 1972, 36582-85.

• Cortina, Jeronimo, and Shana Hardin. “Sugar Land Sociodemographic Analysis: Exploring Sugar Land’s Past, Present, and Future.” City of Sugar Land Planning and Development Services, September 29, 2023.

• Daily Journal. “Fighting Housing Discrimination in Orange County.” December 5, 2017.

• Franklin, John Hope, and Scott Ellsworth. “History Knows No Fences: An Overview.” In “Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921,” Oklahoma Commission. February 28, 2001.

• Frantilla, Anne, and Seattle Municipal Archives. “The Seattle Open Housing Campaign, 1959-1968 — Detailed Narrative.” Seattle Municipal Archives.

• Fry, Richard, and Anna Brown. “In a recovering Market, Homeownership Rates are Down Sharply for Blacks, Young Adults.” Pew Research Center (December 15, 2016). Accessed January 1, 2026.

• Greenberg, Sanford N. “White Primary.” Texas State Historical Association (September 29, 2020).

• Laurence, Janice H., et al. “Effects of Military Experience on the Post-Service Lives of Low-Aptitude Recruits: Project 100,000 and the ASVAB Misinforming. Final Report 89-29.” Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Force Management and Personnel (DOD), Washington, DC (December 1989).​​

• Meltzer, Rachel. “Gentrification and Small Business: Threat or Opportunity?” Cityscape, 18:3 (2016).

• National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. The Kerner Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. xiii-xxxvi.

• National Gang Center. "National Youth Gang Surveys and Analyses." Office of Justice Programs.

• Oklahoma Commission Staff. “Riot of 1921.” February 28, 2001, 22-29.

• Records of the National Resources Planning Board, National Archives and Records Administration. “Geographical Distribution of Major Federal Defense Contracts Announced June 1–Nov. 15, 1940, map by the National Planning Board, ca. 1940.” US Capital Visitor Center.​

• San Francisco Planning Staff. “African American Citywide Historic Context Statement.” San Francisco Planning, May 2019.

• U.S. House of Representatives Staff. “The Community Reinvestment Act: Thirty Years of Accomplishments, But Challenges Remain.” Washington DC: GPO, 2008.

• United States Sentencing Commission. “The Crack Sentencing Disparity and the Road to 1:1.”

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Archival Research | Bibliography