Africans on the North American Frontier, 1501-1848

Afro-Mexicans

• CGTN America, "Afro-Mexicans: One of the world’s most forgotten Black communities." (Video)

• Beau D.J. Gaitors, "Afro-Mexicans: Illuminating the Invisible From Past to Present," Tulane University - School of Liberal Arts Magazine.

• Megan Garvey, "The Black founders of Los Angeles you may not be aware of," LAist-NPR.

• Arlene Gregorius, "The Black people 'erased from history'," BBC.

• Ilona Katzew, Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004) in Internet Archive.

• *Loyola Marymount University - William H. Hannon Library, "AfroLatines in Los Angeles."

• Minority Rights Group, "Afro-Mexicans in Mexico."

• Prairie View A&M University, "Afro-Mexicans: The History, The Culture, The Presence."

• Jazmín Aguilar Rangel, "Infographic: Afrodescendants in Mexico," Wilson Center.

• Herbert G. Ruffin II, "North from Mexico: The First Black Settlers in the U.S. West," BlackPast.​​​​​

• ___. "Sistema de Castas (1500s-ca. 1829)," BlackPast.

• McCarthy Library, "Daniel Chacón: Las Castas – Spanish Racial Classifications," Napa Valley College and Napa County Library System.

• UNESCO, "Mexico is also Afro!"

• Sindy Valdez, "Understanding the Mexican Casta System: A Historical and Cultural Perspective," IndigenousMexico.org.

• ​Bobby Vaughn, "The Afro-Mexico Homepage." 

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| Up | Afro-Mexicans | People | Colonial Spain | U.S. Imperialism | Black Resistance |

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People​

• "African Californios," AfricanCalifornios.org.

• Marcus Anderson, "James P. Beckwourth: Enslaved African to Crow Chief," Charles Redd Center for Western Studies at BYU.

• Dedra McDonald Birzer, "Esteban (?-1539)," BlackPast.

• ___. "Isabel de Olvera (?–?)," BlackPast.

• R.B. Blake, "William Goyens: Early Nacogdoches Settler and Businessman," Texas State Historical Association (TSHA).

• Tracé Etienne-Gray, "The History of Black Seminole Indians: From Florida to Mexico," TSHA.

• Margeret S. Henson, "The True Story of Emily D. West: The Yellow Rose of Texas," TSHA.

• Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, "Edward Rose," Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries.

• Kit Oldham, "George and Mary Jane Washington found the town of Centerville (now Centralia) on January 8, 1875," HistoryLink.org.

• Shoshi Parks, "York Explored the West With Lewis and Clark, but His Freedom Wouldn’t Come Until Decades Later," Smithsonian magazine.

• "African American Heritage in Washington State," Revisting Washington.

• Douglas Richmond, "The Emergence of Afro-Tejano Society During the Spanish Colonial Period in Texas, 1528-1700," Prairie View A&M University.

• Nolan Thompson, "William Ashworth: A Pioneering Free Black Landowner in Texas," TSHA.​

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| Up | Afro-Mexicans | People | Colonial Spain | U.S. Imperialism | Black Resistance |

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Colonial Spain

• Dani Anthony, "Bartolomé de las Casas and 500 Years of Racial Injustice," Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, The Ohio State University. 

• Thomas C. Barnes, Thomas H. Naylor, and Charles W. Polzer, Northern New Spain: A Research Guide (Tuscon, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1981; Open Access).

• "The Asiento: Queen Anne’s Speech on the ‘Assiento de Negros’ (1712)," Slavery, Law, and Power

• "Encomienda," Britannica.

• Gwen Carr and Zachary Stocks, ""The Black Pioneers (formerly "Black in Oregon: 1840-1870" at Oregon Secretary of State website)." Black Oregon Pioneers, and Pittock Museum (Click for info on physical exhibit).

• Catholic Textbook Project, "King Carlos IV Issues a Decree Requiring Masters to Catechize Slaves in Spanish America: May 31, 1789."

• ​HISTORY.com Editors, "Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo is signed."

• Sasha Honig, The Presidios of Alta California, California Missions Foundation.

• National Archives, "Missouri Compromise (1820)".

• Richard Sheposh, "New Spain," EBSCO.

• History Skills, "The rise and fall of New Spain, once the greatest power in the Americas."​

• John Tutino, "1821: The End of New Spain —and the Impossible Dream of Making Mexico" (Video), UCLA Latin American Institute.

• The University of Texas at Austin Exhibits, "A New Spain, 1521-1821."

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| Up | Afro-Mexicans | People | Colonial Spain | U.S. Imperialism | Black Resistance |

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U.S. Imperialism

• Eugene C. Barker, James W. Pohl; Revised by: Mary L. Scheer, "The Texas Revolution: Key Events and Impact," TSHA.

• Daina Ramey Berry and Nakia D. Parker, "How U.S. Westward Expansion Breathed New Life into Slavery," History.com.

• "Gold Rush," California State Library.

• Randolph B. "Mike" Campbell, "The History of Slavery in Texas: From Chattel to Emancipation," THSA.​

• Dianna Everett, "Indian Territory," Oklahoma Historical Society.

• HISTORY.com Editors, "Trail of Tears."

• "Northwest Ordinance (1787)," National Archives.

• Office of the Historian, "About Westward Expansion."

• PBS, Africans in America web site, WGBH-PBS.

• Atlantic Slave Trade Database, The Slave Voyages Consortium.

• "America's Manifest Destiny," Smithsonian American Art Museum.

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| Up | Afro-Mexicans | People | Colonial Spain | U.S. Imperialism | Black Resistance |

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Black Resistance

• Otis Alexander, "The Black Maroons of Florida (1693-1850)," BlackPast.​

• Britannica Editors, "Haitian Revolution."

• Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, "Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Culture in the Americas," Smithsonian Institution. 

• Edward Countryman, "The Pueblo Revolt," History Now, Issue 28 (Summer 2011) in The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History​

• Stephanie Curci and Chris Jones, "Mapping the Haitian Revolution."

• Jennifer N. Heuer, "The Haitian Revolution," English Heritage.

• Kona Shen, "The Haitian Revolution Timeline," Brown University Department of Africana Studies and the Brown University Library.

• Jesús "Frank" de la Teja, "The Mexican War of Independence: A Comprehensive Overview," TSHA.

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| Up | Afro-Mexicans | People | Colonial Spain | U.S. Imperialism | Black Resistance |​

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